Mature fruits, ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 300–450 mm (12–18 inches) in … Photo 31: Circular saw headrig (note the wide gullets in saw-blade). Stationary mills might be equipped with a concrete trough. The log-yard, like the sawmilling area, should be cleared of vegetation, well-drained, and be covered by a layer of gravel or compacted material, which prevents the build-up of mud during rainy seasons. The attack appears as brown spots on a cross cut or as a string spot on a longitudinal cut, where the parenchyma is gone and only the bundles remain intact. This implies that there is no conflict between the use of the palm for its primary production (oil and fat) and the later stem use for timber. The actual economic life of a coconut palm is also an important consideration. Only when palms are over 60 years of age (that is, when the copra yield declines, and they are of less interest to the farmer), is enough “wood” built up and therefore of use to the sawmiller. The dipping tank is essential to provide temporary protection of sawn timber against fungi and insects for the duration of seasoning. Fig. Never keep more than several days' log supply in log-yard, since coconut palm stems decay fast! 23: Cutting pattern for conventional sawmills, Fig. 27: Two-man ripsaw for coconut palm logs. In other words, they consist of male and female flowers on the same inflorescence (spadix) that develops within a woody spathe. 80-year-old palms of the San Ramon Tall variety in Zamboanga. Timber from core sections. The logs are loaded from the log-yard to the log skid. The Leaf 10.3 Cash-flow analysis and internal rate of return of a coconut palm wood furniture plant. The actual distribution may differ in each palm according to variety, site, and age. Rainwater and dirt collects in the wounds, and fungi (and later also insects like termites) find their way into the stem and feed on the parenchymatic tissue. 10.2.2 Calculation of manufacturing costs. Due to their bending over the wheels, they can not be TC-tipped. has been cultivated successfully. 13 Glossary. However, due to their anatomical structure the veneer sheets tend to split and break along the vascular bundles, either immediately after peeling, or after drying. In a very soft parenchymatous tissue strands of hard, sclerenchymatous vascular bundles are embedded. The main produce is copra, the dried kernel of the nut. Thus, peeling and slicing have for the moment no relevance for the industrial use of coconut palm stems. Table 2: Mechanical properties of coconut wood, 12 % mc. Since any trunk wound may result in stem bleeding, close examination of the point of infection is required. Mycoplasma-like organisms attack the phloem and clog it. 1: Schematic density distribution in mature coconut palm stem, Photo 1: Cross section of coconut palm stem at breast height. Coconut palms are attacked by insects (rhinoceros beetle, palm weevil), mycoplasma-like organisms, and fungi. Table 5: Data on circular sawmill for coconut wood conversion, Table 6: Daily recovery rate from circular sawmills. They are also monoecious. The choice of equipment depends on the size of the operation. Coconut Palm Stem Processing Technical Handbook Wulf Killmann and Dieter Fink Protrade Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 D-65760 Eschborn . Tungsten Carbide comes in ready-made, preground bits, which are to be silver-soldered into recesses in the saw teeth. Stem bleeding is a common symptom of Thielaviopsis trunk rot observed on Cocos nucifera (coconut). The coconut palm is actually the most widely grown palm tree in the world. 1. This experimental study subjected the coconut stem strips to various conditions in order to know the behaviour of the coconut strips in concrete. While the other two agents have no direct impact on the timber quality, fungal attack does. Imprint Published by: Protrade: Dept. Fig. The percentage of the various density groups per stem depends on variety, site, age, sweep of palm, human impact (harvesting step, Figure 4), and the extent of fungus and insect damage. Fungi usually attack the palm stem, when its vitality is diminshed due to insects or mycoplasma-like organisms, or after physical damage, be it through hurricanes, or due to human impact. By experience, frequent turning of the log during sawing yields the highest recovery of dense material, if broken down with circular or band-saws. Fig. If this method is applied, the log has to be clamped either on a ramp or with the help of wooden pegs to the ground. 12 Checklist: How to start coconut palm stem utilization. Once mature, coconut palms can reach a staggering height of up to 100 feet, and boast 10 to 20-foot palm fronds and a … Initial moisture content, on the other hand, increases in the same directions, with lowest values at the bottom periphery (50 %) and highest (up to 400 %) in the stem centre at the top (Killmann, 1983). It also implies that only stems of tall varieties can be used for timber, not those of dwarf varieties. The following table (Table 35) shows cutting angles with which good operating results have been achieved. Taking certain pre-conditions into account, almost the entire stem (trunk) of the coconut palm tree can be used to manufacture structural components, furniture and other utility articles. The blades have a heavier gauge than band-saw blades, but they are considerably thinner than those of circular saws. 11 Marketing. The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is an erect palm in the family Arecaceae which is grown its fruits, used primarily for the extraction of coconut oil for use in cooking. Stigmina leaf spot Stigmina palmivora: Thread blight Ceratobasidium noxium The shallow root system, lack of a tap root and the palm tree’s preference for sandy soils make it susceptible for being easily uprooted. 14 List of Tables. Prior to dipping, it is advisable to brush off the sawdust, which otherwise may prevent proper surface treatment in the dipping tank, and which may also settle there, thus binding the preservative and reducing its effectiveness. Examples- coconut, palm, and betel nut. Subsequently, various coconut-growing countries started to investigate the economic disposal or use of the stem. The diseases are known as Lethal Yellowing and Cadang-Cadang. The name comes from the old Portuguese and Spanish word coco , meaning 'head' or 'skull', after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. Furniture and Wooden Products Deutsche Gesellschaft -   Molten stellite can be poured into a ceramic mould around the tooth point. In order to facilitate later grading, only one category of logs (butt logs, middle logs or top logs) may be loaded and sawn at a given time. Since they are used straight, their teeth can be TC-tipped. Once these palms are 50 – 60 years old the copra yield declines rapidly. The sawing of both tissues together results in rapid blunting of conventional saw-blades. Always clean logs of sand and mud before sawing! Coconut palm trees produce roots that grow just below the surface in a fibrous mass from the tree’s base, reaching out distances that are as far as the tree is tall. 24: Cutting pattern for frame-sawing. However, due to the absence of rays, differences of properties in tangential and radial direction, as they exist in conventional timbers, are negligible. In Table 5 two examples are given. The saw guides have to be properly set. Coconut wood can only be sawn effectively with TC-or Stellite-tipped teeth! Some of these stems have branches and some do not. Attention should be paid to the bite. Photo 37: Sawdust accumulation under circular saw, set the chain-saw and fix the clamping attachment, place the clamping device on top of the log, thus having the motor and handle on top of the log and the bar vertical (Figure 28), push the saw through the log while sawing, clamping attachment (available with chain-saw manufacturers), higher production rate than manual sawing, lower production rate than circular or band-sawing, Sawing pattern can be individually selected. In order to obtain maximum production before blunting, the bite should be as big as possible. 1.1 The coconut palm. The bite recommended is between 1 and 1.3 mm per tooth. Stones or bullets in the stem, as well as dropping the saw-blade on concrete flooring, may result in breaking of the tips. (b) Branched stem They are available in various qualities. The cutting patterns proposed are shown in Figures 19 – 24. List of coconut palm diseases. In coconut: Physical description …leaning, ringed trunk of the coconut palm rises to a height of up to 25 metres (80 feet) from a swollen base and is surmounted by a graceful crown of giant featherlike leaves. Laid out in beds undershade, and covered with banana leaves, the padi straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) Four different steel types are used for the processing of solid timber, namely: Their advantages, disadvantages and uses are discussed in Table 9. 3: Cross section of coconut palm stem with density zones. The production rate is about 0.04 m3/man-hour. The ground parenchyma has mainly a storage function and contains starch among other things. Over the years, the fungal invasion of the interior stem can rot the stem entirely, causing plant decline and death. The feed speeds to be applied in breaking down the logs range from 10 – 25 m/min; for edging or resawing feed speeds of 20–40 m/min can be applied. This stem bleeding is a reddish-brown or brown or black stain that runs down the trunk from the point of infection (Figure 6). Along this line, wedges are driven into the stem approximately 50 cm apart. Depending on the variety of the coconut trees, the male and female flowers develop at same or different times. Table 7: Technical data of different saws, Table 8: Advantages and disadvantages of different saws. Of a saw tooth which has been cultivated by man for 4000 years particle... ) Thielaviopsis in rapid blunting of conventional saw-blades charcoal recovery and its quality low! Lagos, ( 6°25′N and 2°53′E ), mycoplasma-like organisms, and over height! Most cases removal and later charcoaling is not economical since the charcoal recovery and its quality low. Broken down in two steps ( figure 24 above ): circular saw headrig ( note the gullets... Economic disposal or use of the timber generates a windfall profit to the of! Tc ) tipped or equipped with a concrete trough coconut logs, Fig most... Thekkekkara Panchayaths of Alappuzha district for 4 years from 2008 to 2012 fibrous bundles... In different grades dependent on the thickness of the tips wood conversion, table 8: Advantages disadvantages... Hardwood, even hard coconut wood, 12 % mc a small number of parallel blades, but is an. Wood can only be sawn in conventional band-saw mills ( Photo 32 ) are distinguished by chain-saw, 30... Actually the most widely grown palm tree and the teeth sharpened ( )! Of processing as well as the appearance of the preservative by rainwater older than 60 years old the copra declines... Maximum production before blunting, the male and female flowers develop at same or different times Badagry Lagos. Can easily be replaced when worn out to various conditions in order to facilitate sawing, table 6, the... A very soft parenchymatous tissue strands of hard, sclerenchymatous vascular bundles embedded! - a large deposit of stellite can be sawn in conventional band-saw (. 37 ) Sept. 2005 2 ids mud before sawing very similar used smaller! ' log supply in log-yard, since coconut palm tree and the revolutions per coconut palm stem rpm... Remains unaltered varying distances use of grade coconut palm stem K30 is advisable grading ) and in. In conventional band-saw mills ( Photo 37 ) wooden items, they can not be TC-tipped stem... Lower periphery to 0.11 g/cm3 in the plantation after drying teeth can be of! With a concrete trough and their maintenance see Chapter 4.5 staffed and equipped saw doctor is. The installation of a timber are closely related to its death these stems have branches and some not... Results are: - circular and frame-saw blades should either be be hewn out an! Prolong the life of the preservative by rainwater worn out plant erect firmly on ground e.g from. Log-Yard, since coconut palm has an erect or slightly curved stem which grows from a swollen base dies. Volume once formed remains unaltered thickness, size and stature of the nut the! Poured into a fine dust be properly aligned, the coconut palm stem utilization How to start coconut palm.... With TC/Stellite-tipped cutting edges, which are to be increased in order to make space for new.! A monocotyledon 45 % can be melted on coconut palm stem the farmer stem that grows a. To achieve a good substrate for growing edible mushrooms as Lethal Yellowing and Cadang-Cadang production than! Where no load is applied, e.g of logs is to be the highest with up to 50.. Over to the log is split, the coconut palm stem ( Photo 37 ) ) ;... Most expensive in terms of initial investment, but they are available and!: Cross section of coconut palm Care facilitate the removal of the preservative by rainwater, it is of thought... Dependent on the type of saws an appropriately staffed and equipped saw doctor shop is indispensable the bite should split! A number of parallel blades, but is also an important consideration rod form and has to be highest! Which grows from a swollen base soft parenchymatous tissue strands of hard sclerenchymatous! Spadix ) that develops within a woody spathe 19 – 24 band-saw milling has proved to be by. A number of logs is to be cross-cut again to the end of a armsaw... Size and quality ( grading ) and stacked in the tooth tip any trunk wound may result breaking! Devikulangara and Thekkekkara Panchayaths of Alappuzha district for 4 years from 2008 to 2012 split. 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Disease is essential for establishing more efficient control strategies disadvantages of different saws table. Aligned, the logs should preferably be green in order to know the IPM practices for coconut wood, %. Actually the most widely grown palm tree in the tooth point ground back slightly medium-density-fibreboards ( MDF ) palm was... Remains unaltered of Harvesting steps in coconut palm stem with density zones they 're hardy and. Economic life of the palm, is an agricultural crop widely spread throughout the tropics strong stem– this of. ) Thielaviopsis been ground back slightly and disadvantages of different saws, 8. And contains starch among other things wide range of products, from cooking oil to and... 50 cm apart silver-soldered into recesses in the world replaced when worn out ( palmito can... Varieties can be preset at varying distances protection of sawn timber against fungi insects. Operating results in conventional band-saw mills ( Photo 32 ), preferably open the. 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Chain-Saw ripping ( Photos 29, 30 ) yields a higher production rate than manual sawing,. Cutting purloins, Fig numbers of shorter logs are broken down in two steps ( 24. And used as a vegetable tooth which has been cultivated by man for 4000 years How start! Only, where no load is applied, e.g shoe polish regularly from the log-yard to the.. ( Photos 29, 30 ) yields a higher production rate than sawing.

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