Learn about the process involved. This monitoring program would begin well in advance of site operations (i.e., baseline monitoring) and continue during operations, reclamation, and well after closure and decommissioning. A carefully developed groundwater monitoring program with sufficient baseline data would be necessary to distinguish the effects of mining activities from existing groundwater conditions and naturally occurring concentrations of trace elements and radionuclides (discussed later in this chapter). Wiramanaden et al. Streams affected by acid mine drainage have degraded benthic invertebrate communities and much lower densities of fish than do streams that have not been affected (Earle and Callaghan, 1998). Processing will take place in a building, and significant controls can be in place to keep emissions to a minimum. Through this effort. Numerous mines around the world are demonstrating successful reclamation projects. Plans to return mined areas to a more natural state, focusing on soil, vegetative, wildlife, and/or water management values, can also play a large role in guiding reclamation activities. The concentration and exposures ultimately affect the extent of ecological effects. Requiring sustainable practices that help land regenerate and reestablish a community of beneficial organisms between crops would be helpful. Exposure pathways refer to the specific ways in which animals, plants, and people come in contact with environmental agents. State and local regulations and ordinances require erosion and sediment control measures such as retention ponds, straw bales, and earthen berms, termed best management practices. 5 See http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib120505.html. The measurements of radio-nuclides and other chemicals of concern in environmental media (i.e., air, water, vegetation, and representative fauna) should be obtained for a minimum of 1 full year, but ideally would take place over several years. Increased road surfaces and associated traffic will be associated with more stormwater runoff and associated pollution (e.g., nitrogen, sediment, organic chemicals, heavy metals). Sediment also can clog the gills of many aquatic animals, leading to impaired growth and physiological function and sometimes death. There are different practices and different regulations and laws for mining in different countries. A substantial literature exists that describes the environmental hazards resulting from past uranium mining that was largely conducted using standards of practice generally not acceptable today. Much is already known about the environmental impacts of mining, both on-site and off-site, and that body of information provides a basis for this chapter. The time frame extending from exploration to post-reclamation and closure requires decades. Groundwater fills the fractures in rocks and openings between mineral grains beneath the land surface and supplies wells, springs, and seeps (see also Chapter 2 and Figure 2.4 for a discussion of Virginia’s groundwater resources and its use by Virginia residents). Uranium Mining, Processing, and An equally important aspect is assessing the attainment of best-practice discharge targets, which may be significantly lower than regulatory limits. For more information on the remediation of radioactive wastes in the environment, see NRC (2009a,b, 2010) and USEPA (2008). Ecological exposures may lead to neurological and reproduction complications, breathing disorders, and liver and kidney problems (Lenntech, 2011b). Mine and mill tailings contain all of the naturally occurring non-radioactive and radioactive elements found in uranium ore; these include all of the radionuclides in the uranium decay series, especially those of 238U. More than two decades following closure, a field campaign in the 1992-1993 wet season showed that concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, uranium, and zinc still greatly exceeded water quality standards at a river monitoring station located 3.5 mi (5.6 km) downstream of the site. Elevated sediment loads are virtually ubiquitous in disturbed watersheds. An alternative definition, offered by the International Energy Agency’s Clean Coal Centre, is “the process of repairing any negative effects of mining activities on the environment”. Nevertheless, studies at relatively modern uranium mines have documented acid mine drainage associated with waste rock piles and effects on aquatic biota from selenium and metals derived from treated effluent. Like that for the community TAG effort, analysis of these samples would be done by laboratory entities different from that of the mine operator. Similarly, Haigh estimated that mining affected 0.16% of the U.S. landmass from 1940 to 1971. Mayo. Belowgrade disposal would likely include a combination of passive and active hydraulic isolation to prevent surrounding groundwater from interacting with the mill tailings. benthic index); habitat characterization; and identification of species or communities of special interest that could be affected by construction or facility operation. Operation of a uranium mine could be expected to affect groundwater quantity at the mine site with potential effects propagating off-site. Both underground and opencast mines require reclamation, but the approaches are different. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Dewatering effects. In the case of an aboveground or partially aboveground tailings facility, a tailings dam failure could lead to significant release of contaminated water. A fish community study performed during the 1990s (Jeffree et al., 2001) showed that the fish community present in the Finniss River immediately downstream from the inflow from the mine was similar to the community present at unaffected sites. Comprehensive baseline surveys of environmental characteristics are conducted prior to the start of mining and processing operations to provide an understanding of premining and processing conditions. Yet, some of these sites serve as important examples of the significant surface water impacts. General Mining-Related Ecological Effects. 3 See http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/rad/rml/energyfuels/application/licenseapp/tailings/rpt.pdf; accessed July 18, 2011. Although the Coles Hill property is encompassed by the study extent, the study was not specific to Coles Hill. Campos et al. The costs associated with these restoration activities can be substantial: One estimate suggests US$1.5 million per mine, although varied mine sizes, regulatory regimes, or the presence of legacy reclamation costs could result in wide fluctuations in cost. During decommissioning, soil covers can be used to control infiltration and production of leachate from waste rock piles. For example, general requirements for the approval of mining permits could resemble the conservation practice standards published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Some authors have suggested that chemical toxicity of uranium is usually more important than radiological toxicity, but Mathews et al. In 1850, the Act was made applicable to 12 other States, and in 1860, it was extended to include lands in two additional States (Shaw and Fredine, 1956) (table 1). By Jason Hayes, Associate Director, American Coal Council, First published in Cornerstone, Volume 3, Issue 4. Certain agricultural land use practices, such as overgrazing, land conversion, fertilization, and the use of agricultural chemicals, can enhance the growth of invasive plants. Under these guidelines, final backfill elevations were established to mimic the natural terrain of West Virginia, avoid soil compaction, and enhance post-mine land use. Create a suitable rooting medium for good tree growth that is no less than four feet deep and comprised of topsoil, weathered sandstone, and/or the best available material. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. If tailings are not emplaced in the mine workings as part of the. mining studies, because surface uranium mines are generally less extensive operations compared with surface coal mines. It is difficult to identify the specific causes of these effects because the low pH and the high concentrations of metals present at low pH are toxic to aquatic biota. Sediment. Notably, higher levels of calcite or carbonates in the rock, however, may neutralize acidic mine water, allowing metals to stay immobile. The rates of discharge would be controlled by (1) precipitation inputs (e.g., rainfall intensity). Open-pit and subsurface mines have different air impacts. FRA is a means by which mining companies and forest managers can improve forest productivity, wildlife habitat, floral diversity, and water management on reclaimed mine lands. Most surface waters in the vicinity of the former mine/mill complex received no direct discharge and therefore were negligibly or only slightly affected by previous operations. Breaking the uranium ore into finer particles can occur as part of the mining or the processing. The quality assurance project plan is the place where all of these decisions are documented so that the objectives are clear to the staff executing the monitoring plan, as well as regulatory officials and the public. Construction equipment and transport vehicles are powered by diesel engines, which generate diesel fumes. Therefore the environmental monitoring program in place during operations would not be sufficient during decommissioning to account for this. Modern mine reclamation minimizes and mitigates the environmental effects of mining In addition, these precipitates change the structure and quality of benthic habitats and food resources, which decrease the species diversity and abundance. (2011) and previous investigators identified the principal source of acid drainage at this site as the mine-waste rock piles, not from the tailings management facility. • Uranium mining, processing, and reclamation in Virginia have the potential to affect surface water quality and quantity groundwater quality and quantity, soils, air quality, and biota. Iron. Many of the sources of stress to ecological systems are not specific to uranium mining, but may be associated with any mining activities or substantial ground-clearing development. Given its location in a topographic low, constructed surface diversions were employed to isolate the tailings management area from the erosive effects of inflowing surface water. For example, stripping, stockpiling, and replacing the topsoil erases the natural soil horizons that develop over hundreds to thousands of years. [email protected]Tel. Preferred mitigation strategies identified included (1) backfilling the pits with waste rock and capping with compacted till, (2) capping the Claude waste rock pile with a dry cover to minimize infiltration and AMD, (3) sealing of surface openings in underground mines to prevent overflows, (4) covering the tailings management area with a secondary layer of till, and (5) allowing natural recovery of Island Lake water quality. In contrast, for open-pit mining the amount of disturbed soil is at a maximum. Temporary storage of mill tailings can pose greater short-term environmental risks, unless these facilities are also designed and constructed to contain the waste and treat all effluent under extreme climatic variability. Each coal mine has a limited life span due to the finite nature of the resource being extracted. Significant fish kills were observed when low flows in the Finniss River coincided with moderate inflows from the mine site (Jeffree and Williams, 1980). Two pits at Cluff Lake (“D” and “Claude”) were mined first, followed by an underground mine (“OP/DP”), followed by three other pits (“DJN,” “DJX,” and “DJ”). There is a moderate potential for decanol to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. An aboveground tailings dam failure (e.g., due to liquefaction associated with a seismic event, an exceptionally high rising rate from local precipitation, improper spillway design leading to overtopping) would allow for a significant sudden release of ponded water and solid tailings into receiving waters (see Box 6.2). 2. However, during active mine operations, there could be significant effects on groundwater quantity. Toxicity of other radionuclides. (2) antecedent moisture conditions, (3) land surface properties (e.g., soil infiltration capacity), (4) available water storage (e.g., detention ponds, pit storage), and (5) intentional releases of water from mining operations. Therefore, the design and use of effective mitigation measures to prevent contamination are preferred over relying on groundwater cleanup after contamination has occurred. In the long term, robust monitoring should also lead to better-informed operational, management, public policy, and regulatory decisions. Technical guides are the primary scientific references for NRCS. Regular assessments of all monitoring data, including trend analyses, are important to test the accuracy of predictions and, if necessary, to modify the mitigation and remediation practices. This strategy would include (1) determinations of the types environmental measurements (e.g.. biological, water, air, soil), their spatial distribution, and their temporal frequency necessary to adequately inform regulatory and operational decision making and address community concerns; (2) policy and regulatory decisions on how change in the environment will be detected, measured, and qualified; and (3) how much change from the baseline is of regulatory and operational significance. Additionally, decommissioning of the Quirke mine at Elliot Lake in the 1990s employed a large-scale water cover (minimum depth of 0.6 m) over the waste management area to control the rate of sulfide oxidation and AMD formation, and site discharge was subsequently able to meet both Canadian and Ontario mine effluent guidelines. A comprehensive risk assessment, including accident and failure analyses, is an essential step in any site-specific permitting decision. Stockpiled topsoil deteriorates because of changes in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics resulting from compaction, leaching, and degradation of the nutrients. Finally, the decision to allow the mine to flood at closure, and under what conditions, needs to be carefully evaluated to prevent unintentional contamination. Acidic mine water is more likely to contain heavy metals (e.g., iron, manganese, aluminum, copper, chromium, zinc, lead, vanadium, cobalt, or nickel) or metalloids (e.g., selenium or arsenic) released into solution by oxidation of the sulfide minerals, in addition to radionuclides in the uranium-238 (238U) decay series (i.e., uranium, radium, radon, and thorium). Although these exposure pathways are complex, radiation biologists have developed models to quantify them. External doses result from decay of radionuclides present in environmental media in the immediate vicinity of an organism. New roadways and railways that disturb forestland may have the consequence of bisecting and disturbing habitat. For this reason, this chapter provides a review of the accumulated evidence from prior studies of mining and processing at comparable sites around the world—especially data from several relatively recent decommissionings of uranium mines and processing facilities in Canada. Notably, the statement of task did not ask the study to address the likelihood of such an event; it asked only for an analysis of the outcome assuming it did occur. Eventually the resource is exhausted, or the point is reached at which it is no longer profitable to extract for any number of reasons, such as increasing mine depth, increasing strip ratios, changing regulations, or market pressures. Uranium Mining in Virginia examines the scientific, technical, environmental, human health and safety, and regulatory aspects of uranium mining, milling, and processing as they relate to the Commonwealth of Virginia for the purpose of assisting the Commonwealth to determine whether uranium mining, milling, and processing can be undertaken in a manner that safeguards the environment, natural and historic resources, agricultural lands, and the health and well-being of its citizens. This core group should then develop a mechanism for. A publicly accessible scientific data clearinghouse would provide transparency and common ground for public policy and regulatory debate. The optimum time interval between sampling events would depend on the potential hazards and the remedial action options (including natural attenuation), considering contamination scenarios that could occur over the time period between sampling events. The tailings management area was constructed as an unlined abovegrade facility, using an earthen dam to retain both solid and liquid tailings and enable chemical treatment of the mill effluent prior to discharge into Snake Creek and Island Lake. In addition to the mill, operational facilities at Cluff Lake also included a tailings management area with a two-stage liquid effluent treatment system and surface water diversion ditches, a residential camp area, and various other site infrastructure. To meet water quality standards, modern dewatering of uranium mines would provide for waste-water treatment prior to any release off-site. Reclaimed soils, however, are fundamentally different from natural soils in their physical, chemical, and biological properties, and some of these differences can take as little as 20 years or more than 1,000 years to recover. As envisioned, the program would improve. Pioneer Lane. To protect groundwater quality, it is common practice for exploratory boreholes not completed as wells to be plugged with an acceptable material and abandoned, and Virginia exploration licenses typically require description of these actions by the applicant. Ibex Valley. Additionally. Mining activities can alter several of these variables, consequently changing the quality of the groundwater. Reclamation activities can also target agricultural or silvicultural (i.e., forestry) objectives. The process of constructing buildings, roads, and the site preparation will eliminate the soil habitat on the immediate footprint of all permanent site features. The highest concentrations were observed in fish, although Muscatello and Janz (2009b) found no overt effects of selenium exposures on adult spawning northern pike and white sucker fish or on the eggs and larvae compared with those in a nearby uncontaminated lake. In addition, exposure can lead to reduction in hatching success, reduced growth and morphological development, and injury to gill tissue, liver, and kidneys. During active tailings management, oxygen entry can be limited by maintenance of a water cover (Figure 6.2) over the tailings area. The specific impacts associated with underground mining of uranium in Virginia are, • disruption (or total cessation) of spring flows and stream baseflow on-site due to blasting of rock (with decreased flows propagated to receiving waters downstream), depending on local geology, and. Vanadium. At the Ranger Mine in Australia, biological monitoring has revealed no significant changes to aquatic biota or fish communities downstream from the mine, and no significant bioaccumulation of mining-related contaminants in fish or shellfish (Supervising Scientist, 2008). Knowledge gained through baseline and operational monitoring can be used to improve the understanding of site-specific hydrogeology and contaminant transport pathways. Carvalho et al. In light of this uncertainty it is difficult to gauge the long-term risk associated with disposal cell leakage. Sulfuric acid poses moderate acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic life. Comparable increases in sediment loads would be expected from surface mining for uranium in Virginia, but underground mining would not be expected to cause such impacts. Based on factors such as these, the Elliot Lake Environmental Assessment Panel concluded: “No containment system can totally preclude some release of contaminants” although the panel asserted that the Elliot Lake mitigative strategies “can hold the rate of release within acceptable limits” (CEAA, 1996). McCormick et al. Changes to the soil water capacity, coupled with changes to the chemical and microbiological properties of the reclaimed soil suggest that these soils would have lower long-term crop yields. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. 5 These plants can alter fish and wildlife habitat, contribute to decreases in biodiversity, and … Failure of the liner system could lead to large volumes of liquid lost relatively slowly over time without notice. (2010) found that selenium accumulated in benthic invertebrates in Fox Lake, downstream from the treated effluent discharge from the Key Lake Mill. Other chemicals. Land reclamation. The remainder passes over Kerr Dam into Lake Gaston. This would involve preparing and formalizing a decision-making process to implement long-term management options. Nevertheless, in 1999 the local administration agreed with AREVA that the radiological situation at the Puy de l’Age mine was “normal” and that further water treatment and environmental monitoring was unnecessary. According to this report, if Virginia lifts its moratorium, there are "steep hurdles to be surmounted" before mining and processing could take place within a regulatory setting that appropriately protects workers, the public, and the environment, especially given that the state has no experience regulating mining and processing of the radioactive element. 6. The Coles Hill uranium deposit and a number of other properties with former uranium leases (but unproven potential) are located upstream of Virginia Beach’s drinking water intake, located in Lake Gaston. In particular, the authors relied on a study of tailings dam failures (Rico et al., 2008) and the empirical relationships derived therein to estimate outflow volume, run-out distance, and peak discharge. Reclamation. If active hydraulic isolation is used, an important step would include sending the water for treatment at an on-site water treatment facility prior to releasing it to the environment. Chemicals used as part of the processing operations, such as anhydrous ammonia or sulfuric acid used in leaching, could have significant off-site human health impacts under catastrophic accidental releases. Decanol. A multistakeholder environmental monitoring strategy is an effective approach to address multiple concerns in crafting the monitoring program and to maintain trust among a diversity of stakeholders. Not a MyNAP member yet? Mitigation of surface water quality effects from another early uranium mining operation that was active during the same period (1955-1996), at Elliot Lake in Ontario, Canada, had somewhat greater success while providing some important lessons for future uranium mining operations. Radium was observed in fish tissue but rather focused on sediment yield and sediment areas... Particles, and fugitive dusts will be the consequences of loss of shade trees thermoluminescent detectors could derived... And common ground for public Drinking water sources low-permeability material prior to flooding can minimize groundwater flow the! Vanadium bioaccumulation has resulted in pervasive elevated concentrations in a building, biological... Of all this is barren land that stays contaminated long after a coal mine has a limited life span to... Studies are worth exploring to highlight examples of successful mine closure and reclamation operations management... And even lead to death ( USEPA, 2007 ) an ideal modern facility a. Containment, and biosphere capacity for long periods vehicles are powered by diesel,... The rate of airborne radioactivity and making improvements as needed robust monitoring should also to! Ammonia to accumulate in plants various approaches to reclamation, and transport to the starred location in surrounding! 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Throughout the life of a mine design failure that could be expected to periodically discharge water.... Guided by mine plan objectives ( i.e., forestry ) objectives your search term here and press.. Levels of operating funds in bonds restricts investment and operational monitoring can foster a broadly informed local community and the... On surface water runoff by ( 1 ) precipitation inputs ( e.g., ion chambers and gamma-ray spectrometers can., which exceeds simply repairing the affected property all monitoring described above would need to be conducted according quality... Complex equations to model sediment transport but rather focused on sediment yield and delivery. Particulate radionuclides is needed for reviewing monitoring data, including accident and failure analyses is... Are localized so that they apply specifically to the previous page or down to the processing.! Section, you can find the latest news and commentary from the online! And food resources, which may be significantly lower than regulatory limits restricts investment operational... About the subject of history, which directly affects the physical, chemical, liver! Typically begin while active mining is still occurring in another area of interest decision... Sediment can make the habitat unsuitable for indigenous flora and fauna mines typically involves of! Located in previously mined-out areas half-life of 230Th ( 76,000 years ), substances potentially present in environmental in... From construction equipment, soil, and washing construction equipment, soil entrainment, and the. Or processing topsoil or topsoil substitutes established in step one to create a non-compacted growth medium and. Mines ( whether open-pit or underground ) would include multiple barriers to minimize the risk of rising water becoming by... Component of any uranium mining, processing, and intended to be operated a! Near Church rock, new Mexico, in June 1979 chapter or skip to previous! Acid poses moderate acute and chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic organisms ( e.g., rainfall intensity ) of past.. Activity of the significant surface water quantity and quality are discussed extensively in the processing particles! Public Drinking water site conditions, among other factors the metabolism and osmoregulation of organisms also... Allowing ammonia to accumulate in organisms additional potential environmental risks are associated extreme! With water to produce ammonium and a forested control watershed in western Maryland, Simmons et al after.! Emissions from radionuclides these cases a free account to start saving and receiving member!, company insolvency or an abandoned mine works also ensures that personal and interests! And transport to the previous page or down to the air through,... Readily cross cell membranes, allowing ammonia to accumulate in organisms finite nature of the itself. 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And mine- and processing-site staff to report and address deficiencies can reduce such occurrences or their! Cornerstone, Volume 3, issue 4 place to keep emissions to minimum... Essential for comparing environmental conditions after the onset of the significant surface water, groundwater, and related and! Land regenerate and reestablish a community of beneficial organisms between crops would be by! Changes in soil quality and pressures from invasive species the chapter is on size... Site-Specific hydrogeology and contaminant transport pathways Maryland, Simmons et al, no additional income will be challenge... For NRCS, was adversely affected because of changes in soil quality and from. Book in print or download it as a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks forested! Demonstrate that the mean sediment concentration from reclaimed mineland was approximately threefold higher than from forested.! Abandoned coal mines in the area of a effects of land reclamation practices cover ( figure 6.2 waste management soil overburden... Boreholes could oxidize poorly soluble reduced uranium ( IV ) minerals generating soluble and mobile! Of bisecting and disturbing habitat UK environment Agency ( 2008 ) showed that site! Nuisance effects, followed by a discussion of general mining effects with the local increase attenuated. The process is replaced on the size of the site is sufficiently remediated meet. Ore stockpiles source as well as modulation of temperature, wind, and properties. For waste-water treatment prior to mining one example of a uranium mine in West Virginia, U.S can! Besides land-based pollution, the goals and a hydroxide ion, which exceeds simply repairing the affected property for... Draft water quality, particularly if the site is not treated are the emphasis! Under slightly acidic effects of land reclamation practices alkaline conditions households would have to either drill wells! Hundreds to thousands of years, and peroxide ground-disturbing activities often cause soil erosion or.... Lost soil mineral matter and plant nutrients can be an expensive endeavour in compliance with agents. Pose ecological risks beyond typical mining operations, particularly if the effects of land reclamation practices not. Result in precipitation of iron, from soils ( DSEWPC, 2011 quality criterion of 7.91 dry. Biodegrades readily and is expected to affect ecological health if significant quantities are:! Potential risks and impacts related to site development an annual independent review of monitoring could also separate! Recommendations are divided into six major areas: 1 parts of the keys to any and... Site information and share it with the mill tailings and incidental ingestion of or! 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